⇦ Simple Past + the ne Construction

How transitive past tense flips the subject marker.

Intransitive past - straightforward

For verbs without an object, the past form agrees with subject in gender + number.

میں گیا

Main gayaI went (m)

میں گئی

Main gayiI went (f)

وہ آئے

Woh aayeThey came (m pl)

Transitive past - the ne flip

When the verb is transitive (takes an object) AND in past tense, the subject gets the postposition ne. The verb then agrees with the OBJECT, not the subject.

میں نے کتاب پڑھی

Main ne kitaab parhiI read the book (kitaab is f → parhi)

اس نے گانا گایا

Us ne gaana gayaHe/she sang the song (gaana is m → gaya)

لڑکی نے سیب کھایا

Larki ne seb khayaThe girl ate the apple (seb is m → khaya)